Komentarz do Maser seni 4:2
פּוֹדִין מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בְּשַׁעַר הַזּוֹל, כְּמוֹת שֶׁהַחֶנְוָנִי לוֹקֵחַ, לֹא כְמוֹת שֶׁהוּא מוֹכֵר. כְּמוֹת שֶׁהַשֻּׁלְחָנִי פוֹרֵט, וְלֹא כְמוֹת שֶׁהוּא מְצָרֵף. וְאֵין פּוֹדִין מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי אַכְסָרָה. אֶת שֶׁדָּמָיו יְדוּעִים, יִפָּדֶה עַל פִּי עֵד אֶחָד. וְאֶת שֶׁאֵין דָּמָיו יְדוּעִים, יִפָּדֶה עַל פִּי שְׁלֹשָׁה, כְּגוֹן הַיַּיִן שֶׁקָּרַם וּפֵרוֹת שֶׁהִרְקִיבוּ וּמָעוֹת שֶׁהֶחֱלִיאוּ:
Ma'aser Sheni można odkupić według najniższej wartości, w sposób, w jaki płaci sklepikarz, a nie w sposób, w jaki sprzedaje. W taki sposób, w jaki kantor dzieli [monety], a nie w taki sposób, w jaki je układa. Nie można wykupić Ma'aser Sheni według szacunków. Jeśli jego koszt jest znany, może zostać wykupiony na podstawie jednego (świadka), a jeśli jego koszt nie jest znany, może zostać wykupiony na podstawie trzech [świadków], na przykład wina, które utworzyło skórkę, zepsutego owocu i monet, które zardzewiały.
Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
פודין מעשר שני – he can redeem it if he wants according to the cheap market price, as it explains further on.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
Introduction
This mishnah deals with various laws concerning the evaluation of maaser sheni when it comes time to redeem it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
Maaser sheni may be redeemed at the lower market price: At the price at which the shopkeeper buys and not at which he sells. At the price at which the money-changer takes small change and not at the price at which he gives small change. The mishnah provides two examples that illustrate the rule that maaser sheni can be redeemed at the lower market price. The first is what we call wholesale, and not retail. The second has to do with the exchange rate. When a moneychanger takes small coins and gives the customer a large coin which would be easier to carry to Jerusalem, he takes some percentage for himself. When he gives small change, he gives less small coins for the large coin. Today this is similar to the different rates you get at the bank whether you are buying dollars (your foreign money will be worth less) or selling dollars (the foreign money you buy will be more expensive). When one comes to exchange small maaser sheni coins for a large one, he can estimate the value of the larger coin at the higher rate, so that it counts for more small coins. This will save him some money.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
לא כמות שהוא מוכר – that he sells it at a high price, at more than he had purchased it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
Maaser sheni may not be redeemed in an estimated lump. When one redeems maaser sheni, he must measure the produce, either by counting how much there is (ten jars of wine) or how much it weighs (two seahs of wheat). He cannot make a lump of the produce and estimate how much is there.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
כמות שהשולחני פורט – one who comes to redeem pennies /Perutot of the [Second] Tithe by the Sela (= to two shekels, we calculate the Sela with many Perutot, like this money changer when he comes to purchase Perutot from people , and give to them a Selah that he purchases with many Perutot.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
If its value is known, it may be redeemed according to the evaluation of one. If the value of the produce is known, then only one person is needed to estimate its value. We should note that normal produce would have a typical market value.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
ולא כמות שהוא מצרף – when the money changer gives small change to people in exchange for a Selah (coin of larger value) , he gives them less.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Maaser Sheni
But if its value is not known, it must be redeemed according to the evaluation of three, as for instance in the case of wine which has formed a film, or produce which has begun to rot, or coins which have become rusty. The evaluation of produce or coins that are beginning to deteriorate requires three people, because its value cannot be determined solely on their market value. Since it is more difficult to evaluate and people might disagree, it requires more people to do the estimate.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
אכסרה – [in a lump/measuring by sight] not by measure nor by weight, but rather how much he gives in this pile or these handfuls.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
על פי אחד – with an estimation he takes one
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
על פי ג' – through experts in estimation, and even if one of them is an idolater, and even if one of them is an owner.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Maaser Sheni
קרם – began to leaven/sour, and another reading is that it developed a pungent taste/soured/קסס – and an example of this is in Bava Batra 93b (also Tosefta Bava Batra 6:6): I accept upon myself ten casks of pungent wine for every one-hundred.
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